Acne Vulgaris Diagnosis and Treatment

Acne Vulgaris (Acne): Diagnosis and Treatment

Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin diseases, often seen during adolescence. It is associated with excessive activity of the sebaceous glands, clogged follicles, bacterial infections, and hormonal changes. If left untreated, this condition can leave scars and negatively impact the psychological and social lives of patients.

Causes of Acne Vulgaris

• Hormonal Changes: Puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and hormonal disorders can trigger acne.
• Increased Sebum Production: Overactivity of sebaceous glands leads to clogged pores.
• Bacterial Infections: The bacterium Propionibacterium acnes proliferates in the pores, leading to infection.
• Genetic Factors: A family history of acne increases the risk.
• Stress and Lifestyle: Intense stress and an unbalanced diet can worsen skin problems.
• Cosmetic Products: Oil-based cosmetics may exacerbate acne.

Symptoms of Acne Vulgaris

• Comedones: Formation of blackheads (open comedones) and whiteheads (closed comedones).
• Papules and Pustules: Red, inflamed, and painful swellings.
• Cysts and Nodules: Deeper, painful structures under the skin.
• Skin Spots and Scars: Advanced cases may lead to permanent skin spots and scars.

Diagnostic Methods

1. Clinical Examination: The dermatologist evaluates the patient’s skin structure and type of acne.

2. Dermatoscopy: Used for detailed examination of acne lesions.

3. Hormone Tests: Hormone levels may be measured if acne is related to hormonal disorders.

4. Bacteriological Examinations: Microbiological tests may be conducted, especially in resistant cases.

Treatment Methods for Acne Vulgaris

1. Topical Treatments:

• Retinoids: Help unclog pores (e.g.,  Adapalene).
• Benzoyl Peroxide: Kills bacteria and reduces sebum production.
• Antibiotics: Topical erythromycin or clindamycin may be used.
• Azelaic Acid: Exhibits both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.

2. Systemic Treatments:

• Oral Antibiotics: Tetracycline or doxycycline is used for severe acne.
• Hormonal Treatments: Birth control pills and anti-androgen medications are effective for hormone-related acne.

3. Cosmetic and Supportive Treatments:

• Chemical Peels: Applications with alpha and beta hydroxy acids renew the skin.
• Laser and Light Therapies: Used to kill acne bacteria and reduce scarring.
• Microdermabrasion: Exfoliates the skin’s surface, reducing the appearance of spots.

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